THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Abstract

This study explores the roles, statuses, and contributions of women in several ancient civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, China, Greece, and Rome. Through a comparative lens, the research examines how cultural, religious, legal, and economic factors shaped women's lives and societal positions in each region. While some civilizations offered women relatively greater freedoms and recognition, others confined them to domestic or subordinate roles. The study highlights both the diversity and commonality in gender norms across ancient societies, offering insights into the foundational roles women played in shaping culture, governance, economy, and family structures. By analyzing historical records, artifacts, and legal texts, the research sheds light on the evolving perceptions of femininity and the lasting impact of these early gender dynamics on modern societies.