THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS: HOW CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS BRAIN FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR

Abstract

Chronic stress is a pervasive factor influencing both physical and mental health, exerting profound effects on brain structure and function. Prolonged exposure to stress hormones, particularly glucocorticoids, disrupts neural circuits involved in emotion regulation, cognition, and memory. Key brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex undergo functional and structural changes, including synaptic remodeling, neuronal atrophy, and altered neurotransmitter activity. These neurobiological adaptations can contribute to the onset of mood disorders, anxiety, and impaired cognitive performance. This review highlights the underlying mechanisms by which chronic stress modifies neural pathways, emphasizing the need for early interventions to mitigate long-term behavioral and psychological consequences.