POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION REVIEW

Abstract

Polymer nanocomposites have emerged as a pivotal class of materials due to their unique combination of polymer flexibility and the enhanced physical properties imparted by nanoscale fillers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and key advancements in the development of polymer nanocomposites. Emphasis is placed on various synthesis techniques including solution casting, in-situ polymerization, melt intercalation, and electrospinning, each offering distinct advantages in tailoring composite properties. The characterization of polymer nanocomposites through methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is critically discussed to assess morphology, thermal stability, and dispersion of nanofillers. The review also addresses the challenges associated with achieving uniform dispersion, strong interfacial interaction, and scalability of production. Recent trends in sustainable nanocomposites, the incorporation of bio-based polymers, and green synthesis approaches are also highlighted, demonstrating the evolving landscape of this field. Overall, this study underscores the transformative potential of polymer nanocomposites in advanced engineering, electronics, packaging, and biomedical applications.