THE EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH: FROM OLD ENGLISH TO GLOBAL ENGLISH IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Abstract

The English language has undergone a remarkable transformation from its roots in Old English to its current status as a global lingua franca in the 21st century. This paper traces the historical development of English across major linguistic stages—Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English—highlighting the key socio-political, cultural, and technological factors that influenced its evolution. The impact of invasions, colonization, literary movements, and the printing press significantly shaped the structure and vocabulary of the language. In the modern era, globalization, digital communication, and the dominance of English in international media, science, and education have led to the emergence of "Global English," characterized by diverse regional variants and hybrid forms. This study emphasizes the dynamic and adaptive nature of English, reflecting broader processes of linguistic change and cultural exchange. Ultimately, it explores how English continues to evolve in response to new global realities, raising important questions about identity, power, and linguistic diversity.