PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL JUSTICE IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Abstract

The Principles of Natural Justice form the bedrock of fair and impartial administrative decision-making in India, ensuring transparency, equity, and accountability in governance. Rooted in the common law tradition and reinforced by constitutional mandates under Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), these principles—Nemo judex in causa sua (Rule against Bias) and Audi alteram partem (Right to Fair Hearing)—act as safeguards against arbitrary administrative actions. This paper critically examines the evolution, application, and judicial interpretation of natural justice in Indian administrative law. It analyzes landmark Supreme Court and High Court judgments that have expanded the scope of these principles, including exceptions in cases of urgency or public interest. Furthermore, the study explores contemporary challenges such as their applicability in quasi-judicial bodies, contractual matters, and emerging digital governance. By evaluating the balance between procedural fairness and administrative efficiency, the paper underscores the judiciary’s role in upholding due process while adapting to modern administrative complexities.