INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: EVOLUTION, SOURCES, MECHANISMS, AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Abstract

International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has evolved significantly since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, establishing a universal framework for the protection of fundamental freedoms and dignity. This paper examines the historical development of IHRL, its primary sources—including treaties, customary international law, and soft law instruments—and the institutional mechanisms designed to enforce compliance, such as the United Nations human rights bodies, regional courts, and monitoring agencies. Despite progress, contemporary challenges such as state sovereignty concerns, non-compliance, armed conflicts, climate change, and digital rights abuses continue to test the efficacy of IHRL. The study also explores emerging issues like corporate accountability, refugee rights, and the impact of artificial intelligence on human rights. By assessing both achievements and persistent gaps, this paper underscores the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms and global cooperation to ensure the continued relevance and effectiveness of IHRL in an increasingly complex world.