SECULARISM AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: PRINCIPLES, INTERPRETATIONS, AND CHALLENGES

Abstract

This paper explores the intricate relationship between secularism and religious freedom as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Secularism in India is not merely the separation of religion from the state; rather, it embodies the principles of equal respect and equal protection for all religions, facilitating a pluralistic society. The Constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion, establishing a framework for religious coexistence. However, the interpretation of these principles has evolved over the years, facing challenges from socio-political dynamics and communal tensions. This paper examines landmark judicial interpretations, legislative measures, and the societal implications of secularism and religious freedom in India. Additionally, it analyzes the ongoing challenges, including rising religious intolerance and debates over the role of religion in public life, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to uphold constitutional values while addressing contemporary issues.