TRIBUNALS IN THE INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, AND SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract

Tribunals in India serve as specialized quasi-judicial bodies designed to expedite dispute resolution and reduce the burden on traditional courts. This study examines the evolution, functioning, and efficacy of tribunals within the Indian legal system, analyzing their constitutional validity, jurisdictional scope, and operational challenges. The paper discusses key legislations such as the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, Finance Act, 2017, and landmark judicial pronouncements (e.g., L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India) that shape tribunal governance. It evaluates the advantages of tribunals—such as expertise, speed, and cost-effectiveness—against criticisms like lack of independence, procedural delays, and overlapping jurisdictions. The study also explores recent reforms, including the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, and their implications for judicial efficiency and access to justice. Findings indicate that while tribunals play a vital role in India’s justice delivery system, structural reforms are needed to ensure autonomy, transparency, and uniformity in appointments and functioning. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen tribunals as effective adjuncts to the judiciary.