WETLANDS AND HUMAN HEALTH: EXPLORING ECOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH INTERCONNECTIONS IN INDIA

Abstract

Wetlands in India represent critical ecological systems that underpin biodiversity, water security, and climate resilience while exerting significant influence on public health outcomes. Ecologically, wetlands serve as natural filtration systems, carbon sequestration hubs, and flood mitigation zones, sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem stability. However, degradation driven by urbanization, pollution, agricultural intensification, and climate change has precipitated a substantial decline, with approximately 35% of natural wetlands lost over recent decades. Such degradation amplifies public health risks, including vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue, water-borne illnesses due to contaminated water sources, and nutritional deficiencies stemming from diminished fisheries and agricultural productivity. Conversely, intact wetlands provide clean water, medicinal flora, and recreational spaces that enhance mental health and well-being. Climate change exacerbates vulnerabilities, with sea-level rise and erratic precipitation threatening coastal wetlands and increasing the health burdens associated with floods. This chapter advocates for India-specific strategies, emphasizing community engagement, adaptive restoration, and robust policy enforcement to harness wetlands for sustainable development. By addressing these dynamics, India can bolster public health resilience and ecological sustainability amidst escalating environmental pressures.