UNRAVELLING GENOMIC MYSTERIES: THE WORLD OF MOLECULAR MARKERS

Abstract

RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP are belongs to DNA molecular markers. It used in genetics to study diversity, map genes, and fingerprint organisms. It can be used to identify multiple different regions of chromosomes and have core characteristic of molecular markers. Molecular markers have some specific genetic properties such as polymorphism, specificity, transferability, reproducibility, stability and heritability. Molecular markers can be broadly classified into three categories morphological, biochemical and DNA-based molecular markers. The main applications are in agriculture, molecular markers are revolutionizing breeding programs, molecular markers are used to monitor genetic modifications and validate transgenic organisms. These markers are especially use in the context of personalized medicine, cancer genomics, genetic diagnostics and Infectious disease detection. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) refers to modern high performance DNA sequencing technologies that allow millions of DNA fragments to be sequenced in parallel. Recent developments in molecular markers focus on different methods like Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) and SNP arrays. It is cost-effective identification of genetic variations for advanced crop/animal breeding and trait mapping. Molecular markers are like tiny DNA “clues” that help us solve big problems and offer a versatile platform across diverse scientific and applied fields.