FRAILTY, FALLS, AND FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN GERIATRIC POPULATIONS

Abstract

Global population ageing has led to a rapid increase in the prevalence of geriatric syndromes that threaten functional autonomy, participation, and quality of life in older adults. Among these syndromes, frailty and falls are highly prevalent, interrelated conditions that substantially contribute to functional decline, disability, institutionalization, and mortality. Frailty is characterized by diminished physiological reserve and heightened vulnerability to internal and external stressors, while falls represent a leading cause of injury, fear, and loss of independence in later life. Both conditions exert a profound impact on occupational performance and engagement in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). This chapter examines the conceptual foundations, epidemiology, and bidirectional relationship between frailty, falls, and functional independence in older adults, with a particular emphasis on their implications for occupational engagement. Evidence-informed occupational therapy assessment strategies and intervention approaches are discussed, including frailty and fall-risk screening, functional assessment, exercise-based and task-oriented interventions, environmental modification, assistive technology, and psychosocial support. By adopting a holistic, person-centered, and occupation-focused framework, occupational therapy plays a critical role in mitigating frailty-related risks, preventing falls, and promoting functional independence and meaningful participation in ageing populations.