UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY DISORDERS: MECHANISMS, MANIFESTATIONS, AND EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, affecting about 284 million people and causing substantial personal and societal impact. This chapter outlines their classification, epidemiology, causes, symptoms, assessment, and treatment. Anxiety disorders such as Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, Agoraphobia, and Separation Anxiety Disorder are recognised in major diagnostic systems including the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. Their development is explained through a biopsychosocial framework involving genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental influences. Effective treatments include cognitive-behavioural therapy, particularly exposure-based approaches, and medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Emerging therapies and integrated care models are also being explored to further improve treatment outcomes.