ANXIETY DISORDERS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES

Abstract

One of the most common mental health conditions, anxiety disorders have a substantial impact on social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Although anxiety is a normal adaptive response to perceived threats, anxiety disorders involve persistent and excessive fear that interferes with daily activities and overall well‑being. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of anxiety disorders by examining their conceptual background, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Current scientific literature suggests that anxiety disorders arise from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors including genetic predisposition, neurochemical imbalance, cognitive distortions, traumatic experiences, and chronic stress. The chapter also describes common clinical manifestations such as emotional distress, cognitive disturbances, physiological arousal, and avoidance behaviours. Evidence‑based interventions including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and integrative approaches are critically reviewed, with special attention to Cognitive-behavioural Therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions, and emerging digital therapeutics. By integrating theoretical perspectives with research findings, this chapter highlights the importance of early identification, multidisciplinary management, and mental health awareness for improving the quality of life of individuals affected by anxiety disorders.