ANXIETY DISORDERS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide, characterized by excessive fear, worry, and behavioral disturbances that impair daily functioning. While anxiety serves as a normal adaptive response to stress, its pathological forms persist beyond situational demands and interfere with psychological, social, and occupational well-being. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of anxiety disorders, focusing on their causes, clinical symptoms, and evidence-based treatment approaches. The etiology of anxiety disorders is discussed using a biopsychosocial framework, emphasizing the interaction of genetic vulnerability, neurobiological mechanisms, psychological factors, and environmental stressors. The chapter further explores emotional, cognitive, physical, and behavioral manifestations commonly observed across anxiety disorders. Finally, current treatment modalities, including psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle-based strategies, are reviewed. Understanding the multifactorial nature of anxiety disorders is essential for early diagnosis, effective intervention, and improved mental health outcomes.