PERSONALITY DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF TYPES, FEATURES, AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract

Personality disorders (PDs) are enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviate markedly from cultural expectations, leading to significant distress or impairment in interpersonal, occupational, and social functioning. These disorders are characterized by pervasive maladaptive traits that are stable across time and situations. This review paper provides an overview of personality disorders, their classification, and core clinical features. Using cluster-based classification, the paper examines the defining characteristics of each personality disorder type and highlights key clinical challenges associated with diagnosis and management. Understanding personality disorders is essential for effective assessment, therapeutic engagement, and long-term treatment planning.