ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: BEYOND INATTENTION AND HYPERACTIVITY

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning in multiple settings. The global prevalence of ADHD is estimated to be about 5% among children and adolescents, and symptoms may continue into adulthood. The disorder has a multifactorial origin involving genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Individuals with ADHD often present with comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, and conduct disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment. Neuroimaging studies have identified structural and functional alterations in brain regions associated with attention and executive control, particularly the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Diagnosis is primarily clinical and requires comprehensive evaluation of developmental history, behavioural symptoms, and functional impairment. Management typically involves a multimodal approach including psychoeducation, behavioural therapy, pharmacological treatment, and physiotherapy. Early identification and individualized interventions are important for improving functional outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of ADHD with emphasis on epidemiology, etiological factors, diagnostic evaluation, and current treatment strategies.