A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ADHD: FROM NEURODEVELOPMENT TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERVENTION

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity with onset in childhood. Classified under the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11, ADHD presents in predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, or combined presentations. Global prevalence estimates range from 5–7% in children, with persistence into adolescence and adulthood in nearly half of cases. ADHD is a multifactorial condition with strong genetic contributions, including structural and functional alterations in the brain along with dysregulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Environmental risk factors may increase vulnerability in genetically predisposed individuals. ADHD impacts academic performance, occupational functioning, social participation, and emotional well-being, frequently co-occurring with disorders such as anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, and sleep disturbances. Diagnosis remains clinical, supported by standardized rating scales and functional assessments.