AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent differences in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, and sensory processing. Contemporary diagnostic systems conceptualize ASD as a dimensional spectrum with variability in intellectual functioning, language ability, and adaptive performance across the lifespan. Current understanding highlights multifactorial a etiology involving genetic susceptibility, neurobiological mechanisms, and environmental influences. Diagnosis remains behaviourally based and requires comprehensive, multidisciplinary assessment. Although pharmacological management primarily addresses associated symptoms, advances in biomarker research and precision medicine are expanding therapeutic possibilities. Core management continues to rely on structured behavioural interventions, occupational therapy, sensory integration approaches, speech-language therapy, and family-centred support to enhance participation and adaptive functioning. Emerging research in neurobiology, technology-assisted intervention, and individualised care models holds potential for refining future practice while promoting a neurodiversity-informed perspective.