LEARNING DISABILITIES AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Abstract

Learning disabilities and developmental disorders are significant neurodevelopmental conditions that emerge during the developmental period and affect cognitive, academic, behavioural, and social functioning. These disorders often manifest in early childhood and can substantially influence educational achievement and overall quality of life. Learning disabilities, categorized as Specific Learning Disorders in DSM-5-TR, primarily involve persistent difficulties in reading, writing, and mathematics despite adequate intelligence and educational opportunities. Common examples include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. Developmental disorders encompass a broader spectrum of conditions which may affect multiple domains of development including cognition, motor skills, and communication. Early identification, comprehensive assessment, and multidisciplinary intervention involving educators, clinicians, therapists, and families are essential to improve developmental outcomes and enhance the quality of life of affected individuals’