LEARNING DISABILITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS: CONCEPTS, ASSESSMENT, AND REHABILITATION

Abstract

Learning Disability (LD), classified as Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent difficulties in reading, writing, or mathematics despite adequate intelligence and instruction. Affecting 5–15% of school-aged children, it has significant academic, psychosocial, and vocational implications. Its etiology involves genetic, neurobiological, cognitive, and environmental factors. Early identification through comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention planning. Evidence-based approaches such as structured literacy and response-to-intervention (RTI) models are central to management. Occupational therapy further supports functional independence by addressing motor, sensory, executive, and psychosocial challenges. Developmental disorders broadly encompass conditions such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, communication disorders, and SLD, characterized by impairments in cognitive, social, and adaptive functioning. Early intervention and multidisciplinary care are crucial for improving outcomes. This chapter highlights classification, causes, clinical features, assessment, and rehabilitation strategies, emphasizing collaborative approaches to enhance learning, communication, and overall quality of life.