OPTIMIZING ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE THROUGH TECHNOLOGY-BASED OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of α-synuclein aggregates. Pathological changes often precede motor symptom onset by several years and are associated with prodromal features such as hyposmia, constipation, and fatigue. The etiology of PD is multifactorial, involving complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the presence of bradykinesia along with rigidity and/or tremor, supported by response to dopaminergic therapy. Occupational therapy (OT) plays a vital role in the multidisciplinary management of PD by promoting functional independence and improving quality of life. Interventions include activities of daily living (ADL) training, environmental modifications, assistive device use, and self-management strategies. Emerging technology-based approaches, such as augmented reality (AR) and wearable devices, have shown promise in enhancing gait, balance, and reducing freezing of gait (FoG) through real-time cueing and monitoring. Machine learning–based systems further enable prediction and timely intervention for motor impairments. Assistive devices, including canes, walkers, and cueing systems, contribute to improved mobility, while ADL-based interventions support participation in daily activities through task-specific training and adaptive strategies. Despite these advancements, the evidence base remains heterogeneous, with variability in intervention outcomes and methodologies. Integrating conventional rehabilitation with innovative technologies and individualized OT approaches offers significant potential to optimize functional outcomes. Further high-quality research is required to establish long-term effectiveness and guide clinical practice in PD rehabilitation.