AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: PLAY AND PARTICIPATION-BASED OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication, sensory processing, emotional regulation, and behavioral flexibility that influence a child’s participation in everyday occupations. Contemporary occupational therapy practice has increasingly shifted from impairment-focused intervention toward participation-centered approaches grounded in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. The ICF emphasizes functioning, contextual interaction, and meaningful engagement rather than diagnostic limitation. Play represents the primary occupation of childhood and serves as a foundation for cognitive, social, emotional, and motor development. Children with ASD frequently experience challenges in initiating, sustaining, and generalizing play participation across home, school, and community environments. Play and participation-based occupational therapy interventions aim to support engagement by addressing personal strengths, environmental supports, and activity demands rather than attempting behavioral normalization. This chapter explores ASD through the ICF lens, describing how body functions, activities, participation, environmental influences, and personal factors interact to shape occupational performance. Evidence-informed occupational therapy approaches—including sensory integration, naturalistic developmental interventions, peer-mediated participation, parent coaching, and environmental adaptation—are discussed with clinical applications. Emphasis is placed on neurodiversity-affirming practice, culturally responsive care, and family-centered intervention. By prioritizing meaningful participation and authentic engagement, occupational therapy promotes autonomy, inclusion, and quality of life for children with ASD.