CHRONIC PAIN AND FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Chronic pain and fatigue are complex, multidimensional, and frequently co-occurring symptoms that significantly impair physical functioning, psychological well-being, and social participation. Chronic pain encompasses nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic mechanisms, while fatigue is a persistent state of physical and mental exhaustion that rest alone cannot resolve. Both symptoms frequently cluster alongside depression and sleep disruption, compounding disability and reducing quality of life. A biopsychosocial framework integrating biological, psychological, and environmental factors offers the most clinically useful model for understanding and managing them. Barriers at patient, professional, and system levels continue to leave these conditions undertreated. Evidence-based strategies including graded exercise, cognitive behavioural therapy, activity pacing, and energy conservation have demonstrated meaningful benefits. Occupational therapy plays a central role in translating this evidence into everyday functional gains, and integrated, person-centred, multidisciplinary care remains the most effective approach.