RECENT ADVANCES IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY, EMERGING BIOMARKERS, AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

Abstract

Recent progress in clinical biochemistry has greatly enhanced the way diseases are diagnosed, monitored, and managed. Techniques like mass Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), spectrometry, liquid biopsy, chromatography, artificial intelligence-enabled laboratory automation, and point-of-care testing (POCT) have collectively enhanced the efficiency, accuracy, and turnaround time of diagnostic investigations and are more sensitive than before. These advancements have improved the efficiency of laboratory workflows, enabled quicker disease detection, and supported the growing shift toward personalized medicine. At the same time, emerging biomarkers identified through metabolomic studies have become increasingly important in understanding disease progression, prognosis, and treatment response. They are now widely used in the early detection and management of major health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, metabolic diseases, and age-related illnesses. However, despite these significant improvements, several challenges still exist. High costs, technical complexity, and limitations in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity continue to restrict wider application in some settings. In today’s fast-changing healthcare environment, these developments are not just beneficial but increasingly necessary to ensure timely and effective patient care. This chapter reviews recent advances in clinical biochemistry, emphasizing modern diagnostic techniques and emerging biomarkers, while also discussing the current challenges and future potential of these innovations in improving healthcare outcomes and advancing personalized medicine.