RADIATION SAFETY AND DOSE OPTIMIZATION IN MODERN IMAGING

Abstract

The widespread use of ionizing radiation in diagnostic imaging—including computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, mammography, and interventional radiology—has significantly improved patient care while simultaneously raising concerns regarding radiation exposure. Radiation safety and dose optimization are therefore fundamental priorities in modern radiological practice. This chapter discusses the core principles of radiation protection (justification, optimization, and dose limitation), the biological effects of ionizing radiation, radiation dose metrics, and modality-specific dose reduction strategies. The ALARA principle guides clinical practice, supported by technological advances including automatic exposure control (AEC), iterative reconstruction algorithms, artificial intelligence-based optimization, and dose-monitoring systems. Special considerations for pediatric and pregnant patients, occupational safety measures, and regulatory frameworks established by ICRP, IAEA, NCRP, and AERB are addressed. Evidence demonstrates dose reductions of 40–70% achievable through iterative and AI-based reconstruction without compromising diagnostic quality. Continuous education, quality assurance, and patient-centered protocols are essential for sustaining safe and effective imaging practice.