THE WAY OF AWAKENING: BUDDHIST THOUGHT IN INDIA’S PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION

Abstract

This paper explores the historical, social, and philosophical foundations of Buddhism with special reference to the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha. It highlights the cultural synthesis between the Indus Valley and Aryan civilizations, particularly in the Madhyadesha region, which created a fertile ground for new religious ideas in the 6th century BCE. The study examines the three core values of Buddha’s life—Renunciation (Vairagya), Universal Love and Compassion (Maitri and Karuna), and Wisdom (Prajna)—as essential means for overcoming human suffering and attaining Nirvana. It further analyzes key philosophical doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, Anattavada (non-self), Karma, and Pratītya-samutpāda (dependent origination). The distinction between Buddhist Nirvana and pre-Buddhist Moksha is also discussed to understand the uniqueness of Buddhist liberation. Additionally, the paper traces the development of various schools of Buddhism, including Theravāda, Mahāyāna, Mādhyamika, Yogācāra, and Vajrayāna, highlighting their philosophical contributions. Finally, the relevance of Buddhist philosophy in the modern era is examined, particularly in the context of ethics, psychology, social reform, and global peace. The study concludes that Buddhism is not merely a religion but a practical and experiential philosophy of life that continues to guide humanity toward moral, mental, and spiritual development.