GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CAUSES

Abstract

Depressive disorder is a ubiquitous and universal disorder with protean manifestations that affect individuals globally. Women are twice as likely as men to experience it. It was ranked as the third cause of the burden of disease worldwide in 2008 by WHO, and it was projected that this disease will rank first by 2030. Depression is a prevalent and often recurring disorder with significant consequences for individuals and families. It affects work, relationships, and overall well-being. It can manifest at different ages, take various forms, and often co-occur with other disorders and medical conditions. Broadly, depressive disorders are caused by biopsychosocial factors. The disorder is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and temperamental factors, with stressors playing a crucial role. Stressful life events, particularly those stemming from marital discord, significantly contribute to Depression. Diathesis-stress models suggest that stress, whether from childhood trauma, recent events, or chronic strain, triggers Depression in vulnerable individuals. Chronic stress, often linked to social disadvantage and relationship problems, is a major contributor. Individual characteristics, such as personality traits and coping styles, also influence vulnerability.