INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND INDIGENOUS EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES IN ANCIENT INDIA

Abstract

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) and indigenous educational practices in ancient India represent a rich and holistic tradition of learning that contributed significantly to the intellectual and cultural development of society. Ancient Indian education emphasized the overall development of individuals by integrating intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical, and practical knowledge. Institutions such as Gurukuls, Ashrams, Buddhist Viharas, and renowned universities like Nalanda and Takshashila played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge across generations. The Guru-Shishya tradition formed the foundation of education, promoting discipline, ethical values, experiential learning, and close teacher-student relationships. Ancient Indian education covered diverse subjects including philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, linguistics, governance, and arts, reflecting an interdisciplinary approach to learning. Indian scholars made remarkable contributions to science, mathematics, and medicine that influenced global knowledge traditions. Although indigenous educational systems declined during colonial rule, their principles remain relevant in contemporary education. Modern educational reforms increasingly recognize the importance of integrating Indian Knowledge Systems to promote holistic, ethical, sustainable, and learner-centered education.